ENGLISH GRAMMAR GRADUATION

ENGNOtes Phrasal verbs are most often a topic that confuses a lot of people, especially second language learners and new learners of the language. Since the multiple words used in a phrasal verb have different meanings and have a completely different meaning when used together, they end up being a slightly puzzling topic for some. Phrasal verbs can be conjugated to suit the tense of the sentence and can be used like a normal verb. Here are a few examples of phrasal verbs. Identify how many of them you know and how often you use them in your regular communication. Give up – combination of a verb (give) and a preposition (up) Individually, the verb ‘give’ means to give something to someone and the preposition ‘up’ shows the position of some object. The magic happens or the confusion begins when both the verb and the preposition are used together. The phrasal ‘give up’ means to surrender or to stop making an effort in doing something. Let us look at how the phrasal verb ‘give up’ can ...

ENGNOtes What is Conflict Resolution? The definition of conflict resolution refers to the process of finding a peaceful solution to a dispute. Therefore, it is beneficial for management and employees alike to know how to manage conflict at work through conflict resolution. Workplace conflict is destructive for business because it can lead to downturns in productivity and increases in absenteeism. In addition, on an individual level, workplace conflict is stressful and unpleasant. Benefits of conflict resolutions:     Builds strong relationships     Maintains morale     Achieves goals     Reduces stress     Provides insight     Improves retention 5 Conflict Resolution Skills in the Workplace Conflict resolution skills are often seen as leadership traits. Employees who can identify disagreements, acknowledge different opinions, and build a consensus are valuable to many organizations. They make it more l...

ENGNOtes Something to keep in mind when writing image descriptions is that it's a completely subjective exercise. There is no formula for crafting the perfect image description. It is not an exact science. Image descriptions will vary between different visuals, creators, and scenarios. As the content author, YOU have the power to decide what details are important in an image and should be described. Consider the following questions when writing an image description. ‍What about your visual is significant for someone to know? Think about what you’re trying to achieve with your social media content. Make sure that your image description is detailed enough to make your visual accessible in a way that helps you meet those objectives and properly inform your followers. Context is also important when writing a good image description.‍ What information is going into the written part of your post? If a key detail is already listed in your post, you may not need to include it in your image ...

ENGNOtes Information Transfer: Information  Transfer  is  an  activity  that reproduces  either  from  a  full  linguistic  form  into  diagrammatic  or  semi diagrammatic  form, or  vice versa.  During  the  transfer  activity, the  information remains  the  same,  but  the  form  of  information  changes, for instance,  from non-linguistic form to linguistic form and so forth. Information transfer activity is the most enjoyable method to organize thought, it is so suitable for teaching and learning English, because the learners  can develop  their language skill.  For example, when the learners are provided  with  information  in  the  form  of  table  or  diagram,  they  can  be  motivated  or  stimulated to organize ideas or thoughts. It can ...

ENGNOtes Precis writing is a useful skill for anyone who needs to convey information concisely and accurately. It involves summarizing a longer passage while retaining the essential meaning and important details. This technique is particularly valuable in academic and professional settings where time and attention are limited. However, mastering the art of precis writing can be challenging, especially for those who are not accustomed to condensing information. This is where examples of precis writing can be especially helpful. Sample 1 Original Passage: “According to a recent study, people who eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables have a lower risk of developing chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. The study found that individuals who consumed at least five servings of fruits and vegetables per day had a 20% lower risk of developing these diseases than those who consumed fewer servings. This suggests that a diet high in fruits and vegetables may be an effective way...

ENGNOtes memo, short for memorandum, is a concise, internal communication used to inform a group or organization about a specific issue or action, typically including a heading, introduction, body, and conclusion.  Here's a breakdown of key aspects of writing effective memos: Purpose and Structure: Purpose: Memos are designed for internal communication, often used to convey information, request action, or announce changes within an organization.  Structure:Heading: Includes the date, recipient, sender, and subject.  Introduction: Briefly states the purpose of the memo.  Body: Provides relevant information, background, and details.  Conclusion: Summarizes key points and outlines next steps or actions.  Conciseness: Memos should be short, to the point, and easy to read.  Key Elements of Effective Memos: Clear Subject Line: Use a concise and precise subject line to immediately convey the memo's topic....

ENGNOtes In a "Just a Minute" business communication exercise, you'll present a concise, one-minute speech on a given topic, aiming for clarity, fluency, and staying on track without hesitation or repetition, showcasing your impromptu communication skills.  Here's a breakdown of how to excel in a "Just a Minute" presentation: Key Principles: Clarity and Conciseness: Speak clearly and directly, focusing on the core message within the one-minute timeframe.  Fluency: Avoid hesitations, repetitions, or digressions, maintaining a smooth flow of speech.  Confidence: Project confidence through your body language and delivery.  Structure: While impromptu, a basic structure (introduction, main points, conclusion) can help organize your thoughts.  Practice: Rehearse your delivery to improve fluency and confidence.  Tips for Delivery: Start Strong: Begin with a compelling opening statement or question to grab the audience's...

ENGNOtes The mere thought of holiday traditions brings smiles to most people’s faces and elicits feelings of sweet anticipation and nostalgia. We can almost smell those candles, taste those special meals, hear those familiar songs in our minds. Ritual marks some of the most important moments in our lives, from personal milestones like birthdays and weddings to seasonal celebrations like Thanksgiving and religious holidays like Christmas or Hanukkah. And the more important the moment, the fancier the ritual. Holiday rituals are bursting with sensory pageantry. These (often quite literal) bells and whistles signal to all of our senses that this is no common occasion – it is one full of significance and meaning. Such sensory exuberance helps create lasting recollections of those occasions and marks them in our memory as special events worth cherishing. Indeed, there are plenty of reasons to value family rituals. Research shows that they can provide various psychological benefits, helping ...

ENGNOtes Last Saturday night, a young woman out on the town in Brisbane saw a dog-shaped robot trotting towards her and did what many of us might have felt an urge to do: she gave it a solid kick in the head. After all, who hasn’t thought about lashing out at “intelligent” technologies that frustrate us as often as they serve us? Even if one disapproves of the young woman’s action (or sympathizes with Stumpy the “bionic quadruped”, a model also reportedly used by the Russian military), her impulse was quintessentially human. As artificial intelligence and robotics are increasingly deployed to spy on and police us, it may even be a sign of healthy democracy that we’re suspicious of and occasionally hostile towards robots in our shared spaces. Nevertheless, many people have the intuition that “violence” towards robots is wrong. However, as my research has shown, the ethics of kicking a robot dog are more complicated than might be expected. Robots feel no pain – but what about the people ...

ENGNOtes Consumers who have a personality that scores high in terms of openness – such as being open to new adventures and intellectually curious – have better success at spotting fake reviews than other personality types, according to our recently published research. Extroverted people, on the other hand, tend to have a harder time identifying a fake review. To reach these conclusions, we compiled reviews from a unique data set of 1,600 Chicago hotel reviews, marked as either fake or real, that was compiled by artificial intelligence engineer and researcher Myle Ott and his team for peer-reviewed research they published in 2011 and 2013. Ott and colleagues mined real reviews from travel review websites such as Trip-advisor, Hotels.com and Expedite, which have a reasonably small deception rate. They gathered fake reviews by using Amazon Mechanical Turk to recruit people to write fake hotel reviews that sounded truthful. We then used Amazon Mechanical Turk to recruit 400 participants an...

ENGNOtes Argumentative Writing and Using Evidence Many essays or academic papers involve argumentative writing. Argumentative writing goes beyond the standard argumentative essays and is important when convincing your readers of your thesis statement. Argumentative writing in some form is done in every discipline and involves presenting facts along with rational or logical statements to support your claim. With argumentative writing, you must support your claim with applicable and appropriate evidence. Additionally, argumentative writing has a tone of impartiality and directness while each piece of evidence you present has a specific purpose to support your argument. When providing evidence, you should avoid biased or subjective statements that would detract from the logic of your argument. Argumentative vs. Persuasive Writing Argumentative writing aligns with a stance but does not intend to persuade the audience to make an emotional decision. Argumentative writing is collecting and pr...

ENGNOtes A simile is a comparison between two things that uses the word like or as: Her smile is as bright as sunshine. A metaphor is a direct comparison between two things that does not use like or as: Her smile is sunshine. The word metaphor is more broad and can also refer to a variety of ways of comparing or connecting different things, including those that don’t use words at all. The difference between a metaphor and a simile is like the difference between precious metals and gems (both are valuable and useful, but one can take many more forms). Understanding this difference—and knowing how to use both—can be a jewel in the crown of your writing, making your descriptions and comparisons more colorful and engaging. See what we did here? That first sentence uses a simile, and the second uses a metaphor. But do you know what makes a simile a simile and what makes a metaphor a metaphor? Similes and metaphors are two of the most common figures of speech—expressions that allow us to mak...

ENGNOtes What is conflict resolution? Human interaction may sometimes lead to conflict, so response—and resolution—require conflict resolution strategies. Conflict resolution or negotiation is a way for the opposing parties to find a solution to their disagreement that leaves everyone reasonably satisfied. Sometimes, the person who resolves a conflict may be a neutral party or mediator while at other times, they may be someone involved in the conflict who takes an outside perspective to find a solution.The ability to resolve conflicts is often seen as a leadership trait. People who can identify conflicts, acknowledge different opinions and build a consensus are valuable to many organizations. They make it more likely for personal differences to be set aside so work can continue.Here are some of the most common reasons that conflict occurs at work:Different personalities or perspectives Unresolved problems from their past Feeling of competition with one another Poor communication skills...

ENGNOtes “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” This statement from the preamble to the World Health Organization’s constitution, adopted in 1946, illustrates its belief in holistic health from its very formation.  Exactly what is holistic health? Holistic health is an approach to wellness that simultaneously addresses the physical, mental, emotional, social, and spiritual components of health. As a field of practice, holistic medicine draws from many disciplines, religions, and cultures to heal people, communities, and even the environment.  Learn more about the rich and diverse roots of holistic health and what purposeful careers people with a master’s degree in holistic health studies or other training can pursue. Integrated, Not Separate: Holistic Approaches to Health The term “holism” refers to the theory that all parts of a whole are intimately interconnected. According to h...

ENGNOtes Sequence or sequencing a story, we observe the protagonist pursuing goals that require course correction. In other words, the protagonist must change their approach to solving the problem because they exhaust their initial strategy without getting what they want. These challenges force the protagonist to learn or master new skills and seek new information that eventually will help them better attune to the world (in a prescriptive story) or not (in a cautionary story). These ups and downs over multiple scenes cause irreversible changes in stakes or what the protagonist risks every time they face a crisis. Taken together, the protagonist’s fortune is altered for the better or worse as they face the next challenge.  When combined into quadrants, sequences build up to a change in the way the protagonist frames their world and their primary problem and can lead to transformation (in a prescriptive story) or doubling down on their existing worldview (in a cautionary story)....

ENGNOtes O u First year ba bcombsc bba Ug cbcs s econd semester L oan words L oan words usually, called as borrowed words,In english on a wide scale the written, and spoken cultures is influenced by multiculturalism and vivid diaspora during british times we have acquired large number of dilectual tones of word pronounciation in natuve languages in india S tudy of semantics and wordology, vastly extoles the revealances that english too has taken, change of meaning the influence words from native language l ike the trade centers bazar, is word coined by british lexicographers and some poets turned the new dimension of words like saree, laddu, dukan, kurta, bermuda, viz many words of different origin taken into english dict ionary Examples from other world languages French: "cafe," "ballet," "restaurant," "entrepreneur," "faux pas"  Spanish: "patio," "plaza," "guerrilla," "cigar"  German...

ENGNOtes Paragraphs can contain many different kinds of information. A paragraph could contain a series of brief examples or a single long illustration of a general point. It might describe a place, character, or process; narrate a series of events; compare or contrast two or more things; classify items into categories; or describe causes and effects. Regardless of the kind of information they contain, all paragraphs share certain characteristics. One of the most important of these is a topic sentence. TOPIC SENTENCES A well-organized paragraph supports or develops a single controlling idea, which is expressed in a sentence called the topic sentence. A topic sentence has several important functions: it substantiates or supports an essay’s thesis statement; it unifies the content of a paragraph and directs the order of the sentences; and it advises the reader of the subject to be discussed and how the paragraph will discuss it. Readers generally look to the first few sentences in a p...

ENGNOtes Hyperbole in Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse Five Kurt Vonnegut frequently uses hyperbole in his novels, for both dramatic and comedic effect. In this example from Slaughterhouse-Five, Billy Pilgrim emerges from an underground slaughterhouse where he has been held prisoner by the Germans during the deadly World War II firebombing of Dresden: There was a fire-storm out there. Dresden was one big flame. The one flame ate everything organic, everything that would burn. It wasn't safe to come out of the shelter until noon the next day. When the Americans and their guards did come out, the sky was black with smoke. The sun was an angry little pinhead. Dresden was like the moon now, nothing but minerals. The stones were hot. Everybody else in the neighborhood was dead. Vonnegut's hyperbolic language, particularly his description of Dresden as "one big flame," helps him convey the enormous devastation left by the bombs. So too does his statement that, "the s...